Nano biosensors based on nanomaterials have significant advantages, including improved physical, chemical and biological properties, depending on the high surface area and small particle size. Nanomaterials are produced by well-controlled physicochemical properties, surface load, controlled shape and size and variety via significant advances in synthetic methodologies. For this reason, over the last decade, nanomaterials have a tremendous interest in catalysis, sensors and biosensors, energy conversion and energy storage devices. To overcome these problems, using nanomaterials in biosensor applications can be an effective solution. The main reason for these obstacles is the inability to control the material used in the construction of the transducer and biosensor. One of the factors that hinder the large-scale employment of biosensors is low reproducibility and poor signal stability. It also depends on the physicochemical properties of the materials used for the construction of the transducer, matrices used for enzyme immobilization, stabilizers and mediators. The development and performance of biosensors is largely dependent on the properties of the material from which they are made. On the other hand, the biosensors, which play an important role in critical application areas, need to carry multiple characteristics such as high sensitivity, high selectivity, service life, reproducibility, stability, simplicity and cheapness, scalability, sterilizable, wide measurement range. While the sensor constituent is responsible for the detection of the analyte selectively, the converter transforms a chemical event into a suitable signal, which can be used with or without amplification to detect the analyte concentration in a given test sample. 1, a sensor consists of an active sensing constituent and a signal converter and originates an electrical, optical, thermal or magnetic output signal. Additionally, biosensors have the potential to significantly affect disease screening, drug discovery, biohazard screening, and fundamental science. Nowadays, biosensors with numerous application areas such as food analysis, environmental monitoring, drug distribution, toxicity measurement, genetic analysis, protein engineering, DNA sequencing, disease diagnosis are a class of devices in which the detection of gas molecules has been widely used in real-time monitoring of chemical signals in biological cells. Clark's first successful study of biosensors in 1962. Ī large number of surveys have been carried through around the world to use different biological molecules since Leland C. Therefore, the evolvement of reliable and inexpensive devices that high-precision/selective, enable direct, and rapid analysis of biomolecules in the detection of biomolecules can affect human health to have a healthier and more reliable life. By discussing the challenges and future expectations, we have put forward a perspective that may help synthesize advanced composites in the development of new generation designs in biosensor applications.ĭetection of biomolecules has great importance in critical areas, ranging from health medicines, clinical and infectious drugs, food control, homeland security, and monitoring of environmental pollution, to the detection and identification of diseases and the recognition and viewing of new drug molecules. Moreover, we focused on investigating the function of these nano-carbons in the detection of various analytes in bio-sensing. Considering the difference between other members of the nano-carbon family, we explain why CNTs are used more widely in biosensor applications and why fullerenes have high potentials in these areas of application. This review summarizes the role of CNTs and fullerenes in the development of biosensors in different application areas. Depending on the types of target molecules, the development and application areas of the sensors vary. Due to the superior properties of CNTs and fullerenes, the use of sensor components allows the development of reliable, accurate and fast biosensors. Recently, the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes in the design of new biosensors have attracted great interest in the development of carbon nanomaterials.
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